ORCHIDS AND EVOLUTION

THERE is no evidence whatsoever that flowering plants evolved.¹ Charles Darwin himself once commented: 'Nothing is more extraordinary in the history of the vegetable kingdom, as it seems to me, than the apparently very sudden and abrupt development of the higher plants.'² The orchid family is one of the largest plant families, with about 30,000 species. Orchids come in many shapes and sizes, the best-known probably being the insect-mimicing species. Many of these mimics have very ingenious ways of attracting pollinating insects, appealing to the senses of both sight and smell. Can evolution explain the origin of these mechanisms?

CONTRIVANCES

Darwin was fascinated by orchids: in his Origin of Species he mentioned the 'inexhaustible number of contrivances' by which orchids ensure their pollination, pointing out that these would have entailed changes in every part of the flower. However, Darwin did not attempt to explain how natural selection could gradually produce flowers which resemble insects so perfectly that the insects themselves are fooled.

Orchids come in many shapes and sizes.

He merely described these structures as 'the sum of many inherited changes', which is not an explanation, merely an opinion. Modern-day evolutionists have no convincing explanation, either, simply claiming that flowers and insects have evolved simultaneously to be complimentary to each other. The late Gordon Rattray Taylor was an evolutionist, who, nonetheless, posed many difficult questions about the theory. Concerning orchids, he wrote: 'Many of the variations in the form of orchids can have little or no selective value; or, at least, one veriant is not more advantageous than another.'³ He also wrote: 'The Lady's Slipper Orchid has an immensely complicated system of fertilization and is on the verge of extinction.'⁴

INTRICATE DESIGN

The intricate design of many orchids belies the idea that they slowly evolved. Since the whole purpose of their sophisticated machinery is to ensure the continuation of the species through pollination, and that without pollination the species would become extinct, it follows that every part of this apparatus needed to be in place and working right from the start. If an orchid needed to look like a bee or other insect in order to attract a pollinator, then until it bore convincing resemblance the insect would not be interested. Neither is it persuasive to suggest that both flower and insect evolved together, for if there had already been a relationship between the two, further development would hardly be necessary.

THE BUCKET ORCHID

One of the most amazing members of the orchid family is the Bucket Orchid, which comes in two species, Coiyanthes speciosa and Stanhopea grandiflora. These orchids have an intricate mechanism by which bees are attracted, trapped, and then released. Bucket orchids are pollinated by the males of two species of bee — Englossa meriana and Englossa cordato — which themselves are specially designed for the task. Attracted in the first instance by the smell of nectar emanating from the orchid, the bee gathers from the surface of the flower a liquid which will make him attractive to female bees. These bees have collecting organs on their modified forelegs which pass the odour to pockets in the hind legs, from which it can be released to attract females for mating. The surface of the orchid is slimy, which causes the bee to slip and fall into the 'bucket' that contains a pool of water dripping from a gland above. The only way the bee can escape is through a tunnel, and there is a convenient step leading from the pool of liquid to the tunnel entrance. As for bee is about to escape from the tunnel, the walls of the tunnel contract, gripping the bee. The plant's mechanism then glues two pollen sacs to the bee's back, and after allowing time for the glue to dry, releases it. If the bees then flies to another bucket orchid, the same process will take place, except that this time, when the bee attempts to leave the tunnel, a hook in the roof of the tunnel removes the pollen sacs, and the fertilization process is completed!

CORRECT SEQUENCE

The bucket orchid's mechanism involves at least five separate functions, which must work in the correct sequence — attracting the bee, causing it to fall into the bucket, the provision of the gland to keep the bucket 'topped up' with water, provision of a tunnel exit, and the devices for attachment and removal of the pollen sacs. If any part of the mechanism were missing, or incomplete, the plant could not be fertilized. The origin of this wonderful and ingenious machinery is surely fatal to the theory of gradual evolution. These flowers must have been created and designed to operate this way from the very beginning, and bear abundant witness to the design and power of God, the Creator.

REFERENCES:

1. See Plants and Creation, CRT Factsheet No. 25.
2. In a letter to botanist Sir Joseph Hooker of Kew Gardens, 1881.
3. The Great Evolution Mystery, Seeker & Warburg 1983, p. 163.
4. Ref. 2. p. 232.

(Thanks to Brian Grantham-Hill, B. Sc., for providing useful information.)

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